Pengalaman Sakral sebagai Proses Adaptasi Kultural: Perspektif Komparatif Eliade dan Paden dalam Studi Agama
Abstract
Artikel ini mengeksplorasi pengalaman sakral berfungsi sebagai mekanisme adaptasi kultural dengan mengadopsi perspektif komparatif antara pandangan Mircea Eliade dan William E. Paden. Eliade memandang pengalaman sakral sebagai fenomena transhistoris dan universal, yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh konteks sosial dan budaya. Sebaliknya, Paden berpendapat bahwa pengalaman sakral adalah alat sosial yang dinamis, yang mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan sosial dan budaya, sehingga menjadikan agama relevan di masyarakat modern. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui studi pustaka mendalam, dengan analisis terhadap karya-karya Eliade dan Paden, serta literatur tambahan dari berbagai disiplin terkait. Analisis ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana pengalaman sakral dipersepsikan dan dipahami dalam konteks adaptasi sosial dan budaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjawab bagaimana pengalaman sakral berfungsi dalam membantu agama beradaptasi dengan perubahan sosial, serta mengeksplorasi perannya dalam membentuk identitas kelompok dan kohesi sosial. Temuan utama menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan Paden, yang melihat pengalaman sakral sebagai mekanisme adaptif, lebih relevan dalam menjelaskan cara komunitas agama bertahan di tengah perubahan sosial. Sementara itu, pandangan Eliade tetap penting untuk memahami dimensi spiritual yang tidak berubah dari pengalaman sakral. Implikasi penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman sakral harus dipahami tidak hanya sebagai fenomena spiritual, tetapi juga sebagai mekanisme adaptif yang fleksibel. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengeksplorasi fungsi pengalaman sakral dalam konteks pluralisme agama dan modernisasi.
Kata kunci: Pengalaman sacral; adaptasi budaya; Paden; Eliade; studi agama
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